Gospel of Thomas

Careful examinations of the Gospelof Thomas by Klyne Snodgrass and C.M. Tuckett have shown that this text reflects not only a knowledge of all four canonical gospels but also familiarity with the editorial work of all the evangelists, including John, the so-called Fourth Evanelist. Thomas also reflects a knowledge of the editorial work of Matthew and Luke even in the Greek version of Thomas. It also reflects a knowledge of various of Paul's letters, Hebrews, 1 John, and perhaps even Revelation. One has to ask, Who could the author of this document have been, and when could he have written to know all these sources in detail? The answer is surely that he is someone who lived in the second century and had an admiration especially for James, who was martyred in AD 62.

Ben Witherington III, What Have They Done with Jesus? (San Francisco: Harper, 2006), 32.

Evolutionary Theology?

It is simply historically false to suggest that the intellectual boundaries of Christianity were not defined until well after the New Testament era. The evidence taht they already existed in the New Testament era is compelling. However, as offshoots and aberrations from the earlier and more apostolic faith arose in the second through fourth centuries, the church was forced to more clearly define Christological orthodoxy and orthopraxy. Then indeed the boundaries were more rigidly and firmly put in place. But this is not because before the fourth century what existed was a "free-range" Christianity that would have considered Gnosticism (or, for that matter, an inadequate Christology or polytheism or libertinism) a legitimate variant on a Christian theme. It is because the specific problems raised by such later deviations had not yet formed, or had not yet fully formed, in the New Testament era.

Ben Witherington III, What Have They Done with Jesus? (San Francisco: Harper, 2006) 224-225.