If anyone asserted that the Emperor is not the monarch of the entire world, he would be a heretic; for he would make a pronouncement contrary to the decision of the Church and contrary to the text of the Gospel which says: “A decree went forth from Caesar Augustus that a census should be taken of all the world,” as St. Luke has it, and so Christ, too, recognized him as emperor and master.
A 14th century Spanish lawyer quoted by Francisco de Vitoria in J. Daryl Charles, Between Pacifism and Jihad (Downers Grove: IVP, 2005), 57.
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